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GS Paper 1 UPSC MAINS 2020

Life is a long Journey between human being and being humane (UPSC 2020)

July 21, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

Life is a Long Journey between human being and being human. From slavery to freedom, from ignorance to enlightenment and the whole story in between, Life magazine was there. And Life will always be there…for those who want to see

Individuals or homo sapiens are the most exceptional and predominant animal present on earth. They are not the same as any remaining animals based on mental level, talking abilities, willful activities and making things utilizing their psyche. then again ‘being accommodating’ is a quality moved by people. It implies being sympathetic, capable and really focusing on the world around including creatures and different animals. Being sympathetic is an uprightness that creates in numerous years, it isn’t at all acquired. We are conceived people yet being altruistic is a decision.

People can follow up on nature to make another world to satisfy their necessities and wants. They can change the world. The world is encountering advancements in each field sometimes making it more agreeable to live in. People have made a ton of changes to the earth utilizing their brains. Every one of the man-made things that make life significantly more agreeable, all innovative advancement like machines, planes, utilization of sunlight based and nuclear power and so forth

People have the ability to transform nearly everything into a chance to make something helpful out of it. Researchers have arrived at pretty much all aspects of the world, even they have arrived at different planets through satellite, for instance, mission mangalyan shipped off damages. We are seeing improvement done by people from when early man used to exist. They made shoot, made weapons utilizing rocks, agribusiness and so forth This sort of advancements continued occurring and we are in the 21st century with a great deal numerous mechanical turns of events. Model boats, vehicles, hardware, satellite, rocket, machines in enterprises, power plants and so forth.

These improvements are awesome until they cause damage to the climate and different people. People are abusing nature for their own covetousness. An Earth-wide temperature boost, water contamination, deforestation, air contamination are a portion of the serious issues caused because of ecological abuse.

The climate as well as misused in this race of advancement, laborers are come up short on and compelled to manage job that is dangerous for their wellbeing and skin. Improvement by a human doesn’t really mean human turn of events. with experience just we comprehend what is correct or wrong and what truly adds to human development and improvement.

It is uncommon to track down an individual who is sympathetic and kind by birth. Being compassionate is a righteousness. It requires numerous long periods of difficult work to be human. Being altruistic is an excursion of reasonable advances taken by people. Being on this excursion our essential target is to deal with our activities which intends to perceive what our activities mean for other people, They shouldn’t encroach in an individual’s life and shouldn’t hurt their feelings. So whatever we do, it should be thought and afterward done. For instance, if our point is to get rich in any case, we wouldn’t fret others getting poor. There is no damage in getting rich except for in the event that we are caring hearted, we will search for the development of others as well. Temperate deeds can’t be performed without a genuine comprehension of everyday routine which wè experience as we experience.

Being empathetic makes an awareness of others’ expectations in a person. It prompts comprehensive development. In this day and age of narrow-mindedness being compassionate keeps an equilibrium. Being compassionate is to comprehend the positive worth of each being and regard it.

Life is a long excursion of good and terrible encounters in our general surroundings. We ought to gain from our errors and improve them, make all the difference for the great work and fill in genuine terms, help other people to have a superior life and offer regard to virtues and add to making this world a superior spot to live in.

Deep in our hearts, we know that “money is not everything, but it will definitely make our lives easier.” Make life easier. Where the importance of money is taught, few people teach us how to become happy, what makes us happy and where to find happiness. Real happiness is not easy, but once you discover what makes us happy in the right direction and maintain a positive attitude to make us a good person, humans are different from animals because humans have intellectual development and the ability to distinguish right from wrong.

People have the capacity to transform nearly everything into a chance to make something helpful out of it. Researchers have arrived at pretty much all aspects of the world, even they have arrived at different planets through satellite, for instance, mission mangalyan shipped off damages. We are seeing improvement done by people from when early man used to exist. They made discharge, made weapons utilizing rocks, horticulture and so on This sort of improvements continued occurring and we are in the 21st century with a ton numerous mechanical turns of events. Model boats, vehicles, gadgets, satellite, rocket, machines in businesses, power plants and so forth.

These advancements are excellent until they cause damage to the climate and different people. People are abusing nature for their own eagerness. An unnatural weather change, water contamination, deforestation, air contamination are a portion of the serious issues caused because of natural abuse.

 However, “becoming human” is the way you feel and express your emotions, anger, feelings, love, etc. Being a person is a bit complicated. Need to comply with certain rules and regulations. Do they all follow? In a way, this is correct, because we have given the opportunity to become humans in our own way. Humans have many flaws. Facing these shortcomings and learning from these shortcomings is an indispensable part of mankind. Somewhere, each of us needs to look at ourselves and find answers to these problems…to fight our fears.

Being human is the most wonderful gift of a human being. To be human To be human, we must all have divine qualities that lead people in this world to the divine. So, such qualities in life are possessed by a person who improves his appearance, and as a result, direct companies are usually perceived as imitators. In this sense, sacred qualities such as compassion and friendship for all, and qualities such as humility and kindness, cannot always follow the path of truth and, conversely, cannot follow the path of delusion and hypocrisy. It is considered one of the many qualities of life that enhance a person’s character from person to person. Being human is the best gift you can get.

To be human as a human, you must possess all the divine qualities that lead the people of the world to the divine. So, such qualities in life are possessed by a person who improves his appearance, and as a result, direct companies are usually perceived as imitators. In this sense, we can always follow the path of truth and not the path of lies or hypocrisy. He has sacred qualities such as mercy and friendship and qualities such as humility and kindness. It is also considered to be one of the many life traits that enhance a person’s character from person to person.

The whole process of becoming a human being is in the grip of life. Therefore, who we are, how and where we are, in terms of life path, the radar is controlled by the whole concept of “life”. There are people in this world until the radar of this life is tuned to the human body, mind and spirit. Even if there are people, they are declared as centenarians. Right. Human life is sacred, the beginning and the end are in the hands of the Almighty. In this sense, the process of childbearing a person is only a means for the entire process of the beginning of human life. Therefore, for most people, mortal qualities such as pride, arrogance, greed, and an extreme thirst for worldly pleasures should not prevail over the qualities of divine life.

Therefore, if the positive and positive quality of life prevails over the negative and negative quality of life, then such a person can only be called a real person in this world. on the handle of life. Therefore, who we are, how and where we are, in terms of life path, the radar is controlled by the whole concept of “life”. There are people in this world until the radar of this life is tuned to the human body, mind and spirit. Even if there are people, they are declared as centenarians. Right. Human life is sacred, the beginning and the end are in the hands of the Almighty. In this sense, the process of childbearing a person is only a means for the entire process of the beginning of human life. Mortal qualities such as pride, arrogance, greed, extreme thirst for worldly pleasures, most people have divine qualities.

Faced with the consequences we are so sure of. Somewhere think that our comparison with others is correct or incorrect, because this comparison may not always be unhealthy, but it is true. Because all decisions must be made based on your situation and problems. Therefore, understanding this fact can make us a good person. On the contrary, when we all talk about humans, we think of humanism. We hardly live in the world that humans live in, but we are proud to call ourselves humans. Nowadays, humans are more dangerous than animals. We see greater inhumanity around us. How to treat people. Leave a big question mark about humans?

It’s as if animals are disguised as humans. On the other hand, reading some articles will make you feel that humans are still there. People continue to provide food for the homeless, adopt orphans, and strive to make them live better lives. Serve the society and a few people, because they may feel the pain of living conditions. These people don’t want to do something because something bad has happened, but because they are trying to reduce crime.

To be a human being is to have two essential ways of being in the world. On the one hand, humans are beings who find ultimate meaning not beyond but within themselves, in their quest for goodness and their dedication to life. But at the same time, they are also needy creatures who need others to nourish and care for them and without whom they cannot hope to survive. The Journey between these two dimensions is both an inward and an outward search-a search into our souls and at the same time out into the larger world.

In this journey, we need to keep walking in practice incessantly without being sad or desperate. To be complete with ourselves, with the reason why we are born in the first place, is to be with Humane itself. It is a continuous challenge that we just get it wrong, correct it ourselves, end up in a confused state and reflect again. It doesn’t matter how many times we fail or how far we are from our goal.

Weak people are often concerned with how human they look; strong people are concerned with how humane they can be. The weak inevitably stumble over something in the road, become discouraged and fall off. Strong people know that there is only one direction in which to proceed, even when there is no signpost to point the way.

Human justice is never perfect. Many, many thoughts, too many definitions of humanity. To define humanity in my own name, I saw the whole process of looking at humanity through a multi-colored prism. All this movement of the process is a mystical view of the whole process that defines humanity.

From an amateur’s point of view, I would like to define humanity as the pinnacle of a secular race with a single personality trait of rationality. What distinguishes humans from shores and reptiles is the rational nature of their possession. The rationality of our employees helps us to recognize the nuances that arise in our lives. These nuances include joy and sadness, fear and anger, happiness and sadness. Humanity has become a victim of all these nuances of life. Human life is not a straight line. It’s time for the vitality to leave its mark at will.

Therefore, we can say that people are slaves of time. Time makes people sick and heals at the same time. So, what defines humanity is the fact that humanity overcomes the negative nuances of life on the path to immortality and maintains the positive and positive elements of its journey through this world.

Hence, the definition of humanity focuses on aspects of the world that humans have always seen or encountered from the bright side of existence. In other words, human justice is a negative factor that conquers peace. Thus, humanity will enter an era of positive relationships between them in general in the form of happiness and joy. The impact of this phenomenon on humanity is that happiness prevails over suffering. This feeling of joy is bound to lead the world to overcome suffering. All in all, this human rush will bring redefinition.

Journey could be anything Physical, mental, Spiritual, moral, Psychological, Sociological, Economic, political , environmental, historical, environmental .At every point of time man learns to be human in courtesy and humane in practice although there are many odds and evens at every progressive stage. Thus Life is a Long Journey between human being and being human.

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Other dimensions ,Further reading…..

similar to some other living being is a natural marvel. The excursion starts from birth of a child from a mother’s belly. At this stage Human being is the same as some other living being on Earth, driven by hunger, rest and so on As we grow, a human creates in numerous different angles both positive and negative, for example, – love, sympathy, compassion (positive) and childishness, deceitfulness, eagerness (negative) and so on A run of the mill individual goes through the majority of these stages to turn into a genuine “human”. Being Humane methods change from a person to the individual who isn’t just having the option to look things from others point of view and yet additionally ready to show altruism and empathy concerning other.

Recorded development of human, from primate to Homo Sapiens to advanced human is only the excursion between individual to being altruistic like excursion of a kid through his/her life. Early man was actually similar to creature, chasing for food, inexperienced with numerous upsides of present day society. Qualities are the significant contrast in an individual while coming the excursion of life. Each experience, each progression we take adds or erases or adjusts our worth framework as needs be, to improve us, a genuine individual.

Old Indian writing, explicitly talk about the existence venture between person to being sympathetic through Purushartha, which in a real sense signifies “an object of human pursuit”. It’s anything but a critical idea in Hinduism, and alludes to the four appropriate objectives or points of a human existence. The four puruṣārthas are Dharma (exemplary nature, virtues), Artha (flourishing, financial qualities), Kama (joy, love, mental qualities) and Moksha (freedom, profound qualities). While individual spotlights on Artha and Kama more in introductory years, the center movements to accomplishing Moksha through the period of “being accommodating” or genuinely turning into a human.

Be that as it may, a human is relied upon to follow Dharma all through. At first individual is more centered around procuring treasure and encountering actual joy. While encountering these, a human comprehends that the genuine reason and delight of life lies in achieving Moksha. This moksha is accomplished through having previously mentioned values. For instance – lightening the existence weight of poor, giving free instruction to oppressed and so on Lives of many present day industrialists who are doing incredible arrangement of noble cause can be sited under this model –, for example, Shri. Azim Premji, Shri. Ratan Tata and Mr. Bill Gates.

A few group may go through this change quicker and sooner than others. For instance, individuals like Gautama Buddha, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi have seen the excursion of this daily routine time soon with the goal that they could experience as “being altruistic” for the vast majority of their part. Their excursion didn’t just make them human, yet in addition helped millions others to turn out to be genuine people. Hardly any vital qualities which are regular in these extraordinary individuals are – sympathy, empathy, truth and peacefulness. Consequently it tends to be surmised that, these qualities are critical in “being altruistic.” On the other hand, individuals who lecture communalism, casteism and so forth numerous never become really human in their life time. These are the qualities which an individual should not need to live accommodatingly.

Our environmental factors, guardians, instructors, independence everything place a job in making us a genuine human. Same outer elements may impact two unique individuals in an unexpected way. Consider two siblings Hari and Krishna – the two children of a rich money manager. Hari, is consistently appreciative to the general public for assisting them with getting rich and need to reward society in some structure or the other. Then again, Krishna – gets unwilling to familial framework as his dad was consistently occupied to invest energy with him. He gets dependent on liquor and turns into a threat. Same arrangement of environmental factors could effectively help a man progress from person to being human, yet couldn’t help other.

We can’t characterize a solitary arrangement of cardinal qualities which make an individual a genuine “human”. Every individual has diverse method of picking. For instance, during COVID-emergency numerous individuals contended for saving lives is the power and upheld for long state forced lock downs. Though other arrangement of individuals contended for saving jobs of numerous traveler laborers and MSMEs is most extreme significant and requested soonest restoration economy. Both are similarly right and similarly off-base. A proficient human will pick a center way and attempt to do equity for both financial and social parts of human existence, limiting adverse consequence of picking one on the other.

These human qualities are likewise fleeting in nature i.e change as for time. For instance, from the start of advancement of human existence – till late twentieth century, man for the most part centered around bettering human existence (both for himself as well as other people) to turn into a genuine human. In this cycle he obliterated the bio-framework around him. De-forestation, numerous species getting terminated, a dangerous atmospheric devation and environmental change all are the aftereffect of thin focal point of human on development alone. Presently the repercussions of this harm are being felt by us moreover. Subsequently this present time is the opportunity to understand this and fuse the benefit of defending bio-variety additionally as one of the human-values.

Likewise, in the event that you take LGBTQ people group, till not many a very long time back, same sex relationships, gay couple living respectively was considered obtuse. Numerous countries, including India have now changed their stand legitimately on the grounds that society began thinking about them in an empathetic manner. Over two models clarify us transient nature of mankind. What was considered sympathetic is not, at this point human if there should arise an occurrence of harm to bio-variety. Additionally what was not others conscious is viewed as human in the event of LGBTQ people group.

Another part of being accommodating is heard from our grandparents. They say individual thinks with just Brain, being compassionate is appending our heart (there by feelings) to that reasoning. Many negative things all throughout the planet now a days are because of nonappearance of these feelings i.e altruistic touch. We are annihilating huge number of ancestral job for the sake of advancement – building framework through timberlands and so on We need to re-habilitate a large number of poor to fabricate a dam. This relentless speculation towards advancement is prompting filling in-balances and henceforth developing wrongdoing. Henceforth a genuine progress from person to being Humane can assist us with settling these predicaments.

Person is only a tissue and bones upon entering the world, to turning into a total man, who impacts lives of numerous before the finish of his life. Each individual instructor, shoemaker, woodworker, finance manager, civil servant, legislator – has a task to carry out in our general public. Every individual, regardless of monetary ability, force, and information turns into a genuine human – if in his life time he could make regardless of whether a solitary individual’s life better, without making some other’s life most noticeably terrible. Such impact of an individual may shift, however at the degree of humankind, everybody is equivalent. This long life venture is only change from person to being accommodating.

Humans are born to help each other, support or inspire each other, or take care of a person who fully recognizes the emphasis on solutions like human nature, rather than asking for self-sufficiency in blatant circumstances. The main unfortunate situation is that in order to maintain a long and stable journey, the presumed person must become the mainstay of everything, and try not to confuse someone by drastically enhancing a stronger attitude to lead to peace between human nature. Human beings have complete freedom of action to take action on themselves or to fully represent the complex thoughts that appear in human thought.

Humans must avoid being stingy under circumstances and are born with brave beliefs and greedy opinions. In a fictitious world, humans must always maintain a hungry attitude and increase care and concern for nature in order to achieve better cooperation. Humans must always bravely encourage people with mutual views of harmonious behavior to always help or adjust all people to continue their lives as an account balance that we continue to carry out, so as human nature, this is an interlaced feature organized by the course you request .

 Therefore, life itself is creating long-distance travels that are often taciturn, sometimes the atrophying nature of human beings who are swallowed up. This sentiment exudes the bondage of good or bad people, and they have the ability to be self-sufficient to bear the long talks between humans in order to maintain the unity of humanity. between. The more people help each other, the better it will be for them to understand the happy relationship that they will last for a lifetime.

Human nature is full of many problems and difficulties they face, but if we solve them in peace and silence, nature will gain the strong bond of mankind and maintain ecological behavior with more spirit and greater resistance.

Humans need to increase interpersonal relationships to maintain a balanced growth, in order to attract and influence the good people in life, and to appease the mysterious problems in life that attract good social status and pride. If we understand the importance of interpersonal relationships and maintain a certain degree of dignity and respect, life can be perceived in this way, which will automatically increase more opportunities in life, which will overload the attractiveness of good human nature.

Person is only a tissue and bones upon entering the world, to turning into a total man, who impacts lives of numerous before the finish of his life. Each individual instructor, shoemaker, woodworker, finance manager, civil servant, legislator – has a task to carry out in our general public. Every individual, regardless of monetary ability, force, and information turns into a genuine human – if in his life time he could make regardless of whether a solitary individual’s life better, without making some other’s life most noticeably terrible. Such impact of an individual may shift, however at the degree of humankind, everybody is equivalent. This long life venture is only change from person to being accommodating.

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[Solved] How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer (UPSC GS-1 Mains 2020)

June 6, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development is administering a program ‘National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) to leverage the potential of ICT to make the best quality content accessible to all learners in the country, free of cost. The various digital initiatives under this programme are as under:

 SWAYAM: The ‘Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM) is an integrated platform for offering online courses and covering school (9th to 12th) to Post Graduate Level. Till now, 2769 MOOCs ( Massive Open Online Courses ) have been offered on SWAYAM, wherein about 1.02 crore students have enrolled in various courses to date. Online courses are being used not only by the students but also by the teachers and non-student learners, in the form of lifelong learning. It may be accessed on swayam.gov.in NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) has been developing course modules for MOOCs for the school education system in 12 subject areas (Accountancy, business studies, biology, chemistry, economics, history, geography, mathematics, physics, political science, psychology, and sociology) for classes IX-XII.  Twelve (12) courses were launched in the first cycle. Nearly 22,000 students were registered on various courses. Twenty (20) courses were launched in the second cycle. Nearly 33,000 students were registered.

 SWAYAM Prabha: SWAYAM Prabha is an initiative to provide 32 High-Quality Educational Channels through DTH (Direct to Home) across the length and breadth of the country on a 24X7 basis. It has curriculum-based course content covering diverse disciplines. This is primarily aimed at making quality learning resources accessible to remote areas where internet availability is still a challenge.

National Digital Library (NDL): The National Digital Library of India (NDL) is a project to develop a framework of a virtual repository of learning resources with a single-window search facility. There are more than 3 crore digital resources available through the NDL. The contents cover almost all major domains of education and all major levels of learners including life-long learners. More than 50 lakh students have registered themselves in the NDL, with about 20 lakh active users. The NDL is available through a mobile app too. It may be accessed on ndl.gov.in.

Spoken Tutorial: They are a 10-minute long, audio-video tutorial, on open source software, to improve the employment potential of students. It is created for self-learning, audio dubbed into all 22 languages, and with the availability of an online version. The languages are C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, PERL, Scilab, OpenFOAM, OpenModelica, DWSIM, LibreO, and many more.  The Spoken Tutorial courses are effectively designed to train a novice user, without the support of a physical teacher.

Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE):  FOSSEE is a project promoting the use of open-source software in educational institutions (http://fossee.in). It does this through instructional material, such as spoken tutorials, documentation, such as textbook companions, awareness programs, such as conferences, training workshops, and Internships. Textbook Companion (TBC) is a collection of code for solved examples of standard textbooks. About 2,000 college students and teachers have participated in this activity & close to 1,000 TBCs have been created in Scilab and made available for free download.

Virtual Lab: The Virtual Labs Project is to develop a fully interactive simulation environment to perform experiments, collect data, and answer questions to assess the understanding of the knowledge acquired. In order to achieve the objectives of such an ambitious project, it is essential to develop virtual laboratories with state-of-the-art computer simulation technology to create real world environments and problem handling capabilities. There are about 225 such labs operational, with more than 1800 experiments and benefitted more than 15 lakhs students.· E-Yantra: e-Yantra is a project for enabling effective education across engineering colleges in India on embedded systems and Robotics. The training for teachers and students is imparted through workshops where participants are taught basics of embedded systems and programming. More than 275 colleges across India have benefited with this initiative. All the projects and code are available on the e-Yantra web-site www.e-yantra.org as open source content.

  • Quick Response (QR) -To enable students, teachers, parents and educators access digital resources, QR codes have been created and integrated with printed textbooks of NCERT duly mapping eResources with each chapter of the books.
  • National Repository of Open Educational Resources (NROER) portal (http://nroer.gov.in/welcome) has been designed by NCERT. Till date a total of 14145 files including 401 collections, 2779 documents, 976 interactive, 1664 audios, 2586 images and 6140 videos are uploaded.

      Several initiatives in the field of ICT in education has been taken, such as   development and dissemination of ICT curriculum for students and teachers, ICT textbook for class IX, Cyber safety and security guidelines, SWAYAM prabha DTH TV channel ‘Kishore Manch, All India Audio Video festival and ICT Mela, National ICT awards to school teachers.

  • ICT in Education Curricula for students, teachers and teacher educators has been developed at the national level and being implemented across the country.
  • Digital learning Initiatives by CBSE.  SARANSH is a tool for comprehensive self review and analysis for CBSE affiliated schools and parents. It enables them to analyse students’ performance in order to take remedial measures. SARANSH brings schools, teachers and parents closer, so that they can monitor the progress of students and help them improve their performance. It is currently available for Standards IX – XII and provides a comprehensive overview of Standard X performance since 2007 and Standard XII performance since 2009, till the current academic session.
  • Classroom Centric digital intervention:

A scheme Operation Digital Board (ODB) for establishing Smart Classrooms in classes IX to XII of Government and Government aided schools is under consideration.

The National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) use the capability of ICT to get instructing and learning measure going all the more effectively to help every one of the students in Higher Education Institutions in whenever anyplace mode. It has been instrumental in expanding the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education.

To universalize advanced training across the wide range of schools from pre-nursery to higher auxiliary classes, numerous ventures to help educators, researchers and understudies in their quest for learning have been started like DIKSHA stage (quality e-content for school instruction), Swayam Prabha TV Channel (one class, one station), Online MOOC courses, On Air – Shiksha Vani, Digitally Accessible Information System (DAISY) by NIOS for in an unexpected way abled, e-PathShala, National Repository of Open Educational Resources (NROER) to foster e-content and invigorated books, broadcast through TV channels, E-learning entrances , online courses, visit gatherings, circulation of books and so forth In addition, PM eVIDYA, an exhaustive drive, binds together all endeavors identified with computerized/on the web/live schooling to work with multimode admittance to training.

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[Solved] Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree? (UPSC GS-1 Mains 2020)

June 6, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

Traditions and customs can become irrational if they suppress reason, such as obscurantism like the Black Mass or obsessive religious bereavement rituals that prevent healthy grieving.

  • Conversely, practitioners of some religions (e.g., Buddhism) believe that all customs and traditions have rational explanations.
  • Whenever rational thought is suppressed, a new superstition may become established as it did during the witchcraft persecutions of early modern Europe.
  • For example, in 16th-century England, many people believed that witches stole milk and butter from their neighbors’ kitchens. These beliefs led to a witch-hunt mentality
  • While Customs and traditions are generally effective for a society, they may also lead to obscurantism.
  • They can result in people accepting ideas or behaviours without questioning them or considering alternatives. Customs and traditions help societies function effectively by creating rules that promote safety and order.
  • Paisley Samurai 2 is a short novel set in 1846 Japan about an English missionary who finds that customs and traditions are more powerful than reason in stopping social change and those few who would promote it.

The customs and traditions of a country influence people’s everyday lives.

  • They affect how they view the world and what is considered acceptable behavior in the country. Customs and traditions are learned from family members or other role models.
  • Some customs have religious or spiritual significance while others are just tradition for tradition’s sake.

Tradition and Conformity

  • Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. No custom or tradition can be good unless it conforms with the dictates of Reason, Logic, and Morality. Customs and traditions like Sati, plural marriage, Sati-Pratha are extremely evil, ungodly practices in the light of reason, logic and morality. To a rational thinker these customs are senseless and barbaric.
  • The customs and traditions of any country often seem strange and incomprehensible to outsiders. In the same way that a fish does not understand why it is wet, customs and traditions can be viewed by rational minded people as irrational practices which oppress the conscience of individuals.
  • Customs are conventional and generally acknowledged course to act or accomplish something that is obviously characterized to a specific culture, while customs are about the transmission of these traditions or convictions from one age to another.
  • The truth of the matter is that they must be passed on as such. Except if customs are followed and polished with heaps of poise and order, they can’t be given starting with one age then onto the next as interesting social practices explicit to their general public. This implies it is restricted, or truth be told, no degree for change.
  • This is the greatest strength just as restriction of customs and customs. Why impediment? Since the change isn’t invited in any way, they even stifle the explanation of the best significance.
  • In some cases, they stand so unbending that an explanation looks totally vulnerable. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, keeping up physical removing is a daily existence saving social methodology, the explanation being, it is the most secure measure accessible up until this point.
  • Yet, promising get-togethers for the sake of customs and customs considering them regardless of anything else and not expose to any damage, is an endeavor to demonstrate their theoretical matchless quality and invalidate the standards of causation.
  • There is no experimental proof of such reasoning which reflects specific strictness. Disregarding a nearby association between reason considering hazardous condition and confidence is considered a confused endeavor which prompts receiving the act of purposely forestalling current realities or full subtleties of something from getting known to proceed with the traditionalist plan.
  • Customs and customs need to make individuals the judicious creatures assessing reasons, instead of turning into a justification obscurantism, obliviousness and shiftiness.
  • While Customs and traditions are generally effective for a society, they may also lead to obscurantism.
  • They can result in people accepting ideas or behaviors without questioning them or considering alternatives. Customs and traditions help societies function effectively by creating rules that promote safety and order.

The customs of any nation are the product of historical experience, custom, convention, and law. Neither the United States nor India  can avoid the past any more than either can disregard its present formative influence. Cultural values thus exert an inescapable influence on political judgments. We may not like such influence, but deny, reject, or discount it at our peril.

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[Solved] Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your answer(UPSC GS-1 Mains 2020)

June 6, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

India is a diverse country and India’s significance lies in its interesting society. Globalization is the way toward growing and speeding up the development of thoughts, individuals, capital, and trade of products (labor and products) over immense distances. India essentially affects Indian social variety in both positive and negative manners.

  • The truth worried about the existentialism of current India is a plural society of incredibly enormous social variety in scale and degree.
  • It, thusly, wants to advance a sort of identity that is noticeable neither by universalism made by cycle of making things uniform or comparable totally, nor by selective connection to one’s own advantage, gathering, or local area; however globalization doesn’t result in either, additionally it can’t, since social attachment makes the Indian culture exceptional in supporting its way of life.
  • In India as well as internationally, allies of hostile to globalization assert that the world is being homogenized, since the customer products are getting homogenous around the world, making individuals carry on with a consumeristic lifestyle and following an arrangement of qualities that attention on the material world and on actual solace.
  • Supporters additionally guarantee that this causes individuals to lose their public or social or ethnic or social way of life as they have quit following these “descriptive words” having distinction for them. Maybe, this is more about a worth arrangement of a specific individual. The individual having the nature of being insightful won’t ever endure this sort of personality emergency.
  • At the point when we talk globalization, it is just about the spread of items, innovation, data, and occupations across public lines and societies.
  • It portrays an association of countries all throughout the planet cultivated through deregulation in financial terms having no immediate negative ramifications for society except if it turns into a hatchery for globalization.
  • All things considered, globalization spreads social insight which improves social metacognition (some of the time called social care) needed to get, feel, and regard different societies. Truth be told, it offers quintessence to “solidarity in variety” and helps structure a general public wherein the individuals from minority bunches keep up their autonomous social customs.

Impact on core of cultural diversity and pluralism

  • Linguistic diversity: The influence of transnational corporations has resulted in a central common language mainly English, which dominates regional dialects, and minority languages. But it has a positive dimension, where it had lead to Indians excelling in the services sector of the economy. Also, technology has helped preserve some of the dying artefacts, document local languages and also exposed Indians to various global arts/movies etc. For example, Flipkart and amazon is selling tribal artefacts, Channapatna wooden toys etc.
  • Caste: Though globalization has led to decreased emphasis on localised castes. Globalisation has led to the rise of lower castes by making them aware of their rights. People eat together, increased instances of inter-caste marriages are seen in the urban areas. But the socio-economic disparities in societies continues to cause conflicts, which are dominated by caste hegemony.
  • Religious diversity: In a globalised world where increased prosperity and materialistic pursuits have decreased the religion based conflicts and superstition. It also had led to questioning the age old exploitative traditions like Devadasi and Triple-talaq. Also though India is multi-religious but was dominated by Hindu’s with globalization it has led to be polarised by few religions. Also, exposed India to religious fundamentalism.
  • Racial diversity: Globalisation to an extent has changed the racial demography to an extent with decreasing numbers of Mongoloid race. Migration within and outside India has to an extent changed the demography of Indian races.
  • Women empowerment: Globalisation has attacked the discriminatory tendencies and patriarchal mindset in India. It has helped in getting rid of practices derogatory to women and has helped in the rise of women and exposure of women related issues. E.g. globalisation has helped women to realise their rights and led to raise their voice against crime like dowry.

How this has diluted the diversity and pluralism in India?

  • Unmonitored access to Western culture has led to increasing misrepresentation, stereotyping and the risk of loss of cultural and intellectual property rights.
  • Increased consumerism and availability of media has led to erosion of local cultural traits.
  • Under the influence of Western ideas of individualism there has been more homogenization of values and beliefs. Eg: Loss of local artefacts, promotion of western dressing, shift from local culinary habits etc.
  • English as a medium of mass communication has undermined the local languages. The development of literature is also impacted by this. Many tribal languages have been wiped out due to the use of a common tongue.
  • The globalisation generalised the taste and preferences of people relating to food, dance forms and Values. This undermines the peculiar features of various ethnicities like cuisines.
  • In the globalised and mechanised economy no art has remained local. Countries like China is flooding Indian market with the products which were local to India like toys making. This has impacted diversity in Art and handicraft as now we find the same kind of product all over India.
  • Increasing urbanization as a consequence of globalisation has resulted in migration of people from rural areas, resulting in the disintegration of the joint family system. A new trend of nuclear families with one or maximum two children has emerged in India.

India is a place where there is diversity and pluralism. The exceptionally different nature of our way of life is the joining strength of India. Because of globalization, ladies in India have gotten more mindful of their privileges and are presently getting out of their homes to seek after tutoring as well as advanced education and occupations. Globalization to a degree went about as a bringing together power yet observed admittance would help India protect its multi-lingual, multi-strict, and multi-position society. Hence, it has both positive and negative impacts on diversity and pluralism generally speaking.

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[Solved] Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change (UPSC GS-1 Mains 2020)

June 6, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

The biennial “India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2019” expressed that the complete woodland and tree front of the country with 80.73 million hectares is 24.56% of the all out topographical space of the country and forest resources of India.

An assessment of the situation with woodland assets of India and its resultant effect on environmental change is as per the following:

  • Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra followed Madhya Pradesh which has the biggest region savvy backwoods cover in the country. There has been an expansion of more than 13 lakh hectares of woodland and tree cover in the previous few years having an effect on the measure of carbon dioxide in the environment.
  • India’s all out mangrove cover is 4,975 sq km. There is an increment of 54 sq. km in mangrove cover across Gujarat, Maharashtra and Odisha. The Mangrove environments, which offer numerous biological administrations, are undermined by environmental change. Yet, this expansion is a positive sign for keeping up their uniqueness and biodiversity wealth.
  • Bamboo covers 16 million hectare field. An expansion of 0.32 million hectares is seen in bamboo bearing region. Its advantages incorporate critical environment administrations relating to afforestation/reforestation, subterranean carbon stores, exceptionally powerful carbon sinks, assisting human social orders with adjusting to environmental change coordinating it into different frameworks like urbanization, croplands, agroforestry, and so forth
  • India has seen an expansion of 42.6 million tons in the carbon stock. The complete carbon stock in nation’s timberland is around 7,125 million tons. Environmental change relief via carbon loading is basic, as it implies the total amount of carbon held inside a pool at a predefined time. Woodlands are critical carbon pools and have incredible ramifications for the worldwide carbon cycle.
  • According to the latest ISFR report (2019), the total forest and tree cover in the country has increased by 5,188 km2 in the last two years. However, the cover under the category of ‘dense’ and ‘moderately dense’ forests as determined in 2017 has degraded into open forests, scrub, and even non-forest areas at an unprecedented rate . Open forests have low tree cover density, and therefore, an even lower carbon sequestration capacity.

India is quite vulnerable to effects of climate change due to

  • its 7500 km long coastline which makes it prone to cyclone on eastern coast and heavy rains on western coast .
  • its dependency on agriculture which is dependent on rainfall and weather
  • its states present in Himalayan region which are prone to landslides and avalanches
  • its dependency on rivers which are drying up due to global warming
  • its high population whose demand are to be met using the scarce resources

However, the burnt of climate change is mostly borne by poor population due to its inability to protect itself from vagaries of nature and dependency on natural resources .

  • Farmers : Spells of heavy rains in some areas and drought in other damage crops which are the only source of livelihood for 50 % of India’s population .
  • Poors in coastal areas : Population living in coastal areas are dependent on fishing for their livilihood . Warming of oceans have led to increased events of cyclones in Bay of Bengal and decline in fishing resources.
  • Flooding in Bihar, Assam and Kerala adversely affected villages which got submerged by rivers flowing nearby . Vector borne diseases spread after flooding affects locals in areas . Water bodies also get contaminated .
  • Food Security : Low productivity in Fishing and agriculture affects food security by raising prices of essential items which poor cannot afford .
  • In extreme weather events like low temperature and heat waves , poor are exposed to extreme conditions due to improper clothing and housing .

Forest Governance in India: Key Policies

  • The Indian Forest Policy of 1952 provided a formal recognition to the protective role of forests and established a national target of 33 percent for forest cover.
  • Later, the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (amended in 1988 and 2003) and Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 were enacted to control further deforestation of forest areas in India by making the approval of the central government mandatory for the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes.
  • The National Forest Policy was issued some years later, in 1988, and brought a paradigm shift from a revenue-oriented forest management approach to a conservation-oriented one.
  • The 1988 policy, which was finally implemented in 1990, laid the foundation of the joint management approach that necessitated the coordination between village communities, NGOs, and State forest departments.
  • Over the years, the unabated degradation of the country’s forest cover pushed the government to enact The National Forestry Action Programme in 1999, with the key aim of raising forest cover to 25 percent by 2007 and 33 percent by 2012.
  • Consolidating all afforestation schemes under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, the National Afforestation Programme (NAP) was launched in 2002 as part of the Tenth Five-Year Plan.
  • Meanwhile, the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 recognises the traditional rights of communities over forest land and addresses issues concerning the transfer of forest lands under the management of tribal communities, to the state government.
  • This also highlighted the history of Indian forest management as being spearheaded by local communities. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) 2008 commits to bring one-third of India’s geographic area under forest cover, through afforestation.
  • These policies would indicate that India has a strong policy framework that emphasises the conservation aspect of forest ecosystems.  Furthermore, in an attempt to restore deforested and degraded land, India has taken up various other commitments, such as the Nationally Determined Contributions, and the Bonn Challenge.
  • However, despite these rigorous efforts in policy and programmes, India’s combined forest and tree cover has only increased to 24.56 percent of the geographical area. provoking significant concerns over the achievement of both the country’s targets for forest conservation, and climate goals.

A Roadmap for Forest resources Regeneration

India’s imperative is to ensure that deforestation is curtailed and conservation efforts are pursued for existing biodiversity-rich forests and other vital ecosystems like wetlands and grasslands, which are highly productive and harbour wildlife, many of which are endangered. This would require the cessation of land use change, work on forest conservation with greater urgency, and more focused land restoration.

Forest resources :Redefining ‘forests’ and how to measure them( Forest resources)

An important element of a sound roadmap for forest regeneration is a redefinition of what is considered a ‘forest’. Moreover, rather than rely on satellite mapping of canopy cover or hectares of trees, the focus should shift to the measurement of the relative density of a ‘thriving forest’ or an ‘ecosystem’. 

Updating forestry policies

The National Forest Policy of 1952 and 1988 as well as existing forest regulations, have become ineffective in protecting and conserving forest resources. A new forest policy, therefore, is vital in order to provide an overarching framework and direction for the management and regulation of forests , such new policy would consider current changes in forests due to pressing issues such as climate change and pollution.

Empowering local communities

For a forest landscape as diverse and densely populated as India’s, the agency of local communities in operational decision-making and forest governance is essential. The participation of local communities must work synonymously with the coordination of impartial and credible processes to operationalise sustainable use and conservation strategies.

The forest sector in India has a huge potential to mitigate climate change by achieving an additional 3 billion tonnes of carbon sequestration by 2030. However, achieving this would require serious efforts towards conservation, restoration and regeneration of the country’s forests. The sector has highly ambitious targets to achieve, yet there are significant implementation challenges

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[Solved] Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (UPSC GS-1 Mains 2020)

June 6, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

Indian urban communities have been confronting infrastructural disappointments lately particularly flooding in low lying regions. The present circumstance questions our readiness and metropolitan arranging measures. Expanding flooding has required dire measures to handle the issue.

  • A considerable lot of India’s most crowded urban communities regularly face gigantic flooding due to abuse and abuse of land; open spaces, green zones and water bodies being obliterated by urbanization; all that looks cemented over for the sake of improvement; absence of flood models of creating catchments; insufficient land-use arranging controls; and nonattendance of measures not to allow the precipitation to become flood run-off.
  • The flood in Hyderabad was ascribed to beneath standard metropolitan arranging, usurping of water bodies, less than impressive readiness, inefficacious metropolitan framework and strangely hefty rains because of the effect of environmental change.
  • It is said that, fifty years prior, there were more than 2500 water bodies in Hyderabad, presently the number is under 250.
  • The fundamental driver of flooding in Pune was development prospering and spreading unchecked, and obliteration of mountains. The width and the profundity of the Ambil Odha (stream) have been limited to a significant low limit.

Reasons for flooding of cities

  • Encroachment of water body
    As population of cities increase, there will be shortage of residential areas for people to live in. Large population encroach on the water bodies by building houses and colonies. This ultimately results in flooding during high rains.
  • Improper drainage system
    Normal drainage system of an area is competent to transport water out of the area during high rains but due to blocking of such water drainage, flooding events take place.
    Ex: Blocking of Mithi river resulted in flooding of Mumbai City.
  • Lack of urban planning
    Urbanization in India is increasing at a drastic pace. Authorities are unable to make proper planning for handling such increase. This has resulted in cities unable to tackle high rains and falling victims to flooding.
  • Inadequate Drainage Infrastructure: Cities like Hyderabad, Mumbai rely on a century-old drainage system, covering only a small part of the core city.

  • Cities Becoming Impervious: Indian cities are becoming increasingly impervious to water, not just because of increasing built up but also because of the nature of materials used (hard, a non-porous construction material that makes the soil impervious).

  • Poor Implementation of EIA: Even with provisions of rainwater harvesting, sustainable urban drainage systems, etc., in regulatory mechanisms like the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), adoption at the user end and enforcement agencies remains weak.

The Sustainable  therapeutic measures

Holistic Engagement: Urban floods cannot be contained by the municipal authorities alone. Floods cannot be managed without concerted and focused investments of energy and resources.

The Metropolitan Development Authorities, National Disaster Management Authority, State revenue, and irrigation departments along with municipal corporations, should be involved in such work together.

Developing Sponge Cities: The idea of a sponge city is to make cities more permeable so as to hold and use the water which falls upon them.

Water Sensitive Urban Design: These methods take into consideration the topography, types of surfaces (permeable or impervious), natural drainage and leave very less impact on the environment.

Convergent Approach: These can all be delivered effectively through an urban mission along the lines of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), and Smart Cities Mission.

  • Planning primary and non-underlying flood alleviation strategies reflecting conventional flood safeguards and seepage frameworks showing well disposed significance environmentally;
  • The more the impenetrable surfaces we clear, the less the water invades and streams openly and three-dimensionally. It needs the dirt to be invaded. Quick urbanization needs to zero in on explicit soil the board rehearses;
  • Each element which can move needs foundation to proceed with its or their normal stream. Water needs regular framework. Improvement should accept biological system esteems;
  • Hard asphalts, which are not imperative to development, ought to be supplanted by man-made wetlands and downpour gardens, and re-examined;
  • Where the progressions are impractical, the way of life of green rooftops or housetop nurseries ought to be energized.
  • We as a whole ought to be exposed to the ethical measurement – no more interruption on the region and privileges of water. The word ‘infringement’ isn’t just implied for people.

Overburdened waste, unregulated development, no respect for the normal geography, and hydro-geomorphology all make metropolitan floods a man-made calamity.

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[Solved] The interlinking of revivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupted navigation. Critically examine (UPSC GS-1 Mains 2020)

June 6, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

Interlinking of rivers pictures moving water from water ‘surplus’ basins where there is flooding to water ‘deficit’ bowls where there is dry season/shortage through between bowl water move projects.

  • The northern fields of India are enriched with excess water because of the presence of enduring streams beginning from the Himalayas.
  • Southern and western India for the most part observers dry spell, as this district is depleted via occasional streams whose water level to a great extent relies upon the Indian rainstorm.
  • The interlinking of rivers can give feasible answers for the multi-dimensional between related issues of dry spells, floods and intruding on route.
  • The National Perspective Plan (NPP) introduced the improvement of water assets through the between bowl move of water and the moving of water from water-surplus bowls to water-deficiency bowls.
  • Ken-Betwa connect project (KBLP), Damanganga-Pinjal interface project, Par-Tapi-Narmada connect undertaking and Godavari-Cauvery interface project are four need joins recognized for arrangement of Detailed Project Reports (DPR) as per the Peninsular Rivers Component under the NPP.
  • Interlinking of streams, thusly, between bowl water move will bring about 35 million hectares of extra water system. The execution will raise the last water system potential from 140 million hectares to 175 million hectares and work with the age of 34000 MW of hydropower, with other significant advantages like flood control, route, water supply, fisheries, saltiness the executives and contamination control and so forth

Advantages of Interlinking

  • India receives most of its rain during monsoon season from June to September, most of it falls in northern and eastern part of India, the amount of rainfall in southern and western part are comparatively low. It will be these places which will have shortage of water. Interlinking of rivers will help these areas to have water throughout the year.
  • This will cut farmers dependence on monsoon rains by bringing millions of hectares of cultivatable land under irrigation.
  • Crop productivity would increase and so would revenues for the State.
  • Even one bad monsoon has a direct and debilitating economic impact.
  • The river linking project will ease the water shortages in western and southern India while mitigating the impacts of recurrent floods in eastern India.
  • The Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra basin sees floods almost every year. In order to avoid this, the water from these areas has to be diverted to other areas where there is scarcity of water. This can be achieved by linking the rivers. There is a two way advantage with this – floods will be controlled and scarcity of water will be reduced.
  • Simultaneous floods and droughts continue to wreak havoc, destroying the lives and livelihoods of millions.
  • India needs clean energy to fuel its development processes, and river water can be leveraged for this.
  • Fulfilling water needs impact socio-economic life of people which will help end poverty.
  • Need for interlinking of rivers to prevent inter-state water disputes.
  • Potential benefits to transportation through navigation, as well as broadening income sources in rural areas through fishing.

What could be the possible adverse effects of Inter-River Linking Plan?

Ecological Costs:

  • Water scientists and Environmentalists have remarked that the water flowing into the sea is not waste. It is a crucial link in the water cycle. With the link broken, the ecological balance of land and oceans, freshwater and sea water, also gets disrupted
  • It is feared that diversion of water from the Brahmaputra and the Ganges, which provide 85% of the country’s fresh water flow in the dry season, would result into an ecological disaster.

Economic Costs:

  • As this project is of massive estimated cost, a long term planning and a sound financial simulation are required to meet the standard for such proposals.
  • The huge expenditure of the project and the maintenance costs associated with the dams, canals, tunnels, and captive electric power generation will involve huge financial burdens.
  • This may generate fiscal problems that are difficult to handle.
  • This certainly requires financial assistance from the private sector as well as global capital agencies.
  • Mobilization of global capital may ultimately entail the risk of destroying social welfare measures.

Environmental costs

  • It will result in massive diversion of forest areas and submergence of land leading to deforestation and soil- erosion. (For example The Ken-Betwa link project puts in danger over 4,100 hectares of forest land or 8% of the Panna National Park).
  • There will be destruction of rivers, aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, fisheries and groundwater recharge.
  • Possible downstream impacts, salinity ingress, pollution concentration, and increased methane emission from reservoirs are other adverse repercussions.
  • Scientists are also of the view that river diversion may bring significant changes in the physical and chemical compositions of the sediment load, river morphology and the shape of the delta formed at the river basin.
  • It could most likely create trigger points of natural disasters like landslides, earthquakes etc. as seen in case of Koyna dam and Tehri dam.

Legal costs:

  • Domestic and regional geo-politics play a pivotal role on the discussions on ILR. As of now, there is no mechanism as of now to deal with matters concerning inter-basin transfers. There are also important institutional and legal issues to be sorted out.
  • Each of the 30 schemes of the ILR is supposed to get through several statutory, legal and procedural steps.

Social Costs:

  • Reconstruction and rehabilitation due to displacement is not an easy task as seen before.
  • The construction of reservoirs and river linking canals in the peninsular component alone expect to displace more than 5, 83,000 people and submerge large areas of forest, agriculture and non-agriculture land.
  • It is likely to create social unrest/psychological damage and cultural alienation due to forced resettlement of local indigenous tribal community.

Political Implications:

  • Water being a state subject, the ILR plan further complicates existing water sharing and management problems between the riparian states.
  • Some of the ILR schemes have international implications, which may create strained relationship with neighbouring countries like Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh.

Way Forward:

  • The biggest, cheapest, most benign, possibly fastest and most decentralized storage option for India is the groundwater
  • Invest in water conservation, more efficient irrigation and better farm practices.
  • Recycling of water for internal usage as that of Israel.
  • We need a mandatory enforceable river policy aimed at treating rivers as national treasure.
  • Accumulation of silt in huge quantities, particularly the Ganga and its tributaries. These rivers need to be desilted.
  • River linking in the south and other parts which was undertaken in the past has been going well so such model needs to be taken forward.
  • Planting trees on the river banks is one way of bringing life back to the rivers.
  • Forest catchments will need to be restored, wastewater from industries and towns will need to be treated, sand mining need to be stopped.

The river-linking project is an incredible test and a chance to address the water issues emerging out of environmental change. The drawn out answer for water shortage lies in making the IRL project work by building an organization of dams and channels across the length and expansiveness of the country. Nonetheless, interlinking needs to occur after an itemized concentrate so that doesn’t make any issue the climate or sea-going life.

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[Solved] Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss(UPSC GS-1 Mains)

June 6, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

With the arrangement of congress in 1885, Indian public development took a coordinated shape. It went through a few ideological changes and included a few classes over the course. With the development of congress in 1885, Indian public development took a coordinated shape. It went through a few philosophical changes and incorporated a few classes over the course.

Since the time of the 1920s, public development procured different philosophical/ideological strands and in this way extended its social base.

  • A few diverse philosophical components which the public development created with extended its social base from basically scattered and unpredictable fights of few individuals to, indeed, laborers, laborers and ladies having centre around public freedom goals across the country.
  • A gathering of young fellows in Punjab under the authority of Bhagat Singh was very disposed to communist philosophy. These progressives needed total autonomy and imagined the State what it would be after opportunity.
  • They put incredible endeavours to prepare understudies, laborers, and workers to be the main thrust behind a mass battle with a particular undertaking.
  • Indeed, even the assets were raised through various endeavours, for example, the Kakori train burglary. Sachin Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterji worked up the young.
  • Satyagraha, the arrangement of convictions focusing on detached political opposition, was not the sole philosophy that added to the development and development of the public development.
  • There were components of the uncommonly forceful and radical progressive development, gaining from the Russian Revolution, and spearheading military endeavors.
  • The average partook in the development with an unmistakable goal to acknowledge social balance. MN Roy was the main impetus behind the philosophy of the socialist development which pulled in numerous Indian learned people.
  • Subhas Chandra Bose had an arrangement of thoughts and standards that let him pick limits of participating in and advancing explicit side of the unrest taking assorted gatherings of individuals along.
  • These diverse philosophical strands didn’t act solely in their individual limits, rather they supplemented constantly each other one way and another, due to which the social base stood apart as harmony of various masses.

Multi class character :

  • In the moderate period of INC (1885-1904) ,interest was restricted to taught working class.
  • Swadeshi development against Bengal’s segment saw first huge scope association of understudies, ladies and so forth which was to proceed till 1947.
  • All areas of Muslims contributed during and after Khilafat-non participation development
  • 1920s: With arrangement of AITUC in 1920 and unfurling of Russian unrest, laborers additionally came into the crease of public development.
  • Peasents who habitually rose up throught the British principle effectively took part during peaceful Gandhian stage. For e.g : Eka development, Kisan sabha development, Bardoli satyagraha

Ideological transformation:

  • Moderate phase: Characterised by constitutional methods of prayer, petition, procession. This rested on the belief that British rule is beneficial for India’s social and economic development.
  • Extremist phase: Disillusionment sets in as divergence between Indian and British interests became apparent. Methods include : boycott.Goals was changed to swaraj from more representation of Indians.
  • Gandhian phase: Characterised by non violent civil disobedience and non cooperation lasted till independence.
  • Socialist character: after 1920s, movement dominated by younger leaders such as JL Nehru,SC Bose,Bhagat Singh actively raised issues of workers and peasent welfare.

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[Solved] Indian Philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss. (UPSC 2020)

June 5, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

Philosophy and tradition play a significant role in the development of arts and architecture in almost all civilizations and culture. Indian history is a particular illustration of this from Indus civilization to the Freedom movement.

  • The Urban and trade based tradition of Harappan civilization affected its town chess board based planning.
  • The Varna system emerged in the Vedic Age having a great influence on Indian philosophy and tradition was also evident in how cities and villages spatially incorporated varna with dominant sections at the centre and others at the periphery.
  • Dhamma of Ashoka: He propagated his Dhamma of religious tolerance, it led to the innovation of stone pillars, highly polished craft spread all over the country.
  • Buddhist religious reforms and philosophy made Chaitra and Vihara a norm for monastic life. Thus we found rock-cut cave architecture in Ajanta, Ellora, Bagh caves
  • Buddhist motifs, the life cycle of Buddha and his philosophy became a crucial aspect of Gandgahra, Mathura and Amravati sculpture.
  • In South India during the Chola period Temple was traditionally at the centre of the village for societal communication, economic actvity craft. It was literally also at the nucleus of the village and urban settlements.
  • During the Bhakti movement faith was made a personal affairthis led to innovation in songs and music by Bhakti saints, Sufis and mystics
  • The tradition of Vaishnavism affected Mathura sculpture, Bhakti movement poetry, music and Rajasthani and Pahari school of painting
  • Many dance form like Manipuri, Odissi find their philosophical moorings in Vaishnavism.
  • During the freedom struggle art responded to the call of Swadeshi as in paintings of Nand Lal Bose or Abhnindra Nath Tagore.
  • Thus we can say Indian Philosophy and tradition shaped the monuments and art in India.

The Indian way of thinking and tradition assumed a huge part in considering and molding the landmarks and their craft in India. The landmark could be any structure, design, or site that is of recorded significance or interest. Here are some conversation focuses in this reference:

  • For political unification, Ashoka standardized a typical Dhamma, a typical language, and one content (Brahmi). He shared his musings and theory by etching them on stone columns and rock surfaces which are remarkable instances of Mauryan design and applying science.
  • The goals and philosophical customs are well apparent in Gupta’s workmanship. The specialties and corners of strict spots were finished with sculptures of divine beings and goddesses.
  • The cut portrayals of divine beings addressed their characteristics of having control over nature or human fortunes. The Dashavatara sanctuary at Deogarh and the cavern sanctuaries in Udaigiri slopes show the Gupta workmanship.
  • When the Pallavas and the Cholas ruled, there was a practice where the sanctuary used to be the focal spot in a town for cultural correspondence.
  •  They widely fostered the practice of building sanctuaries, for instance, the ‘ratha’ at Mahabalipuram style of sanctuaries, underlying sanctuaries, for example, the Kailashanath and Vaikunthperumal sanctuaries by the Pallavas.
  • The Varna framework arose in the Vedic Age impacting Indian way of thinking and custom was additionally obvious in how things got imagined and added to the primary development of urban communities.
  • Staging the conventional music and dance exhibitions were a practice. The Kerala sanctuaries are portrayed by the kūṭṭambalam, the lobby where such exhibitions were given.

Additionally, the practice of Vastu sastra related with the heavenly powers, along with the ways of thinking behind its ideas, is the evidential bases for characterizing the fine art with which large numbers of these landmarks were fabricated.

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Filed Under: GS paper 1 Tagged With: GS Paper 1 UPSC MAINS 2020, Indian Philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the monuments and their art in India. Discuss. (UPSC 2020), Philosophy and tradition

[Solved] Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue. (UPSC 2020)

June 5, 2021 by admin Leave a Comment

Regionalism is an inclination or a philosophy among a segment of individuals dwelling in a specific topographical space portrayed by exceptional language, culture, and so forth, that they are the children of the dirt and each chance in their territory should be given to the first however not to the outcasts. It is a kind of Parochialism. In the greater part of the cases, it is raised for convenient political gains yet not really.

  • Individuals having a place with a specific culture need to encounter their social thoughts, customs, and social conduct in their native language. They place it over whatever other language which is frequently cited as regionalism.
  • Etymological needs make individuals more self-assured. As of late, West Bengal has confronted the circumstance on similar lines. Indeed, we notice International Mother Language Day to advance phonetic and social variety and multilingualism.
  • Ethnic regionalism is very normal in the North East, which includes the affirmation of not just measurably more modest and less prevailing ancestral gatherings, yet in addition the strategically and socially predominant ancestral gathering against one another. Further, this outcomes in perpetual struggle among nearby and traveler networks, particularly, in Assam.
  • Telangana, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Bodoland, Gorkhaland, Vidarbha, Bundelkhand and so on are locales where some phonetic (minorities) and social gatherings with various verifiable foundations have confronted social self-assuredness which reinforced regionalism further.
  • Considering some culture a danger or substandard is social emphaticness. Rising social self-assuredness has not permitted various areas in India to foster social associations with one another and inside it. This is consistent with most states and their subregions.People having a place with a specific culture need to encounter their social thoughts, customs, and social conduct in their native language.
  • They place it over whatever other language which is frequently cited as regionalism. Semantic needs make individuals more emphatic. As of late, West Bengal has confronted the circumstance on similar lines. Indeed, we notice International Mother Language Day to advance phonetic and social variety and multilingualism.
  • Ethnic regionalism is very regular in the North East, which includes the statement of not just measurably more modest and less predominant ancestral gatherings, yet in addition the strategically and socially prevailing ancestral gathering against one another. Further, this outcomes in perpetual clash among neighborhood and traveler networks, particularly, in Assam.
  • Telangana, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Bodoland, Gorkhaland, Vidarbha, Bundelkhand and so forth are areas where some semantic (minorities) and social gatherings with various authentic foundations have confronted social self-assuredness which reinforced regionalism further.
  • Considering some culture a danger or sub-par is social confidence. Rising social decisiveness has not permitted various areas in India to foster social associations with one another and inside it. This is consistent with most states and their subregions.
  • Regions are organized cooperation in cultural, economic, political or military fields. The region acts as a subject with distinct identity, language, culture and tradition.

Regionalism is an ideology and political movement that seeks to advance the causes of regions.

Regionalism manifests in

  • Demand for a new state like Vidarbha, Gorkhaland
  • Separatism and insurgency in Northeast
  • Reservation for locals in jobs like recent actions of Haryana
  • Mob violence against outsider like treatment received by Northeast migrants in various parts of India

Cultural assertiveness is central to regionalism as a region acts as a subject with distinct identity, language, culture and tradition. An example of cultural regionalism in India is the Dravidian movement or demand for Gorhkaland.

However, apart from cultural assertiveness, various other factors drive regionalism

  • Dwindling job opportunities and falling agricultural productivity fuel movements for reservation like Jat movement for reservation of Maratha movement for the same
  • So what seems regional assertiveness on the front is actually a narrow reactionary response to dwindling opportunities.
  • Development deficit, neglect and backwardness also fuels regionalism like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana in past and Vidarbha today Thus we can conclude that while regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness, it is also driven by various other factors.

Regional decisiveness can end up being a danger to public solidarity:

  • Regionalism places the provincial need over the public need. In this way, it might disable the public turn of events.
  • It breeds contempt among the area. Model savagery against Bihari laborers in the North East by ULFA
  • It impacts the respectability of the country. Over roused regionalism now and then transforms into a secessionist development. model Khalistan development.
  • Brutality is an extremely normal trait of regionalism. To secure provincial character individuals may take rough methods. Model Nellie slaughter during Assam development.
  • It debilitate social trade and frequently breeds bigotry towards different areas. E.g.: The counter traveler or hostile to Bihari position of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) which goes against the work and home of non-Maharashtrian individuals in the territory of Maharashtra is a perfect representation of negative regionalism.
  • It debilitate relocation. Because of aggression towards individuals from other locale laborers reference from moving out and settling there
  • It impacts the simplicity of working together. Because of provincial yearning, neighborhood individuals pass troubles for private financial backers to recruit uninhibitedly according to their own prerequisite privately owned businesses are frequently compelled to save work and agreement just for nearby individuals child of the dirt
  • It additionally impacts the International relationship model West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee is impeding Teesta bargain among India and Bangladesh just to extinguish her territorial thirst.
  • Regionalism past a point can prompt secessionism, for example, solid regionalism in Punjab eventually brought about the development of Khalistani illegal intimidation.
  • Regionalism frequently advances Vote-Bank governmental issues, consequently debilitating the public reconciliation.
  • Regionalism can debilitate the reliable texture of ‘Solidarity in Diversity’, whenever advanced in a ultra-way.
  • Regional movements often result in violent agitations, disturbs not only the law and order situation but also have negative implications on the economy of the state as well as the nation. Regionalism sometimes undercuts the national interest by being a hurdle in international diplomacy.
  • For instance- the opposition of regional/state parties of Tamil against the stand of the central government had a direct implication on the relation of India with Sri Lanka.
  • The disagreement of political leadership in West Bengal with the central government over the Land Boundary Agreement and Teesta River Water sharing treaty with Bangladesh resulted in increased tensions between the two nations.

Measures needed to quell the extreme regionalist perspectives:

Unity in Diversity ethos needs to be preserved for the pluralistic character of the Indian nation-state.

  • The accommodation of multiple aspirations of a diverse population is necessary.
  • Formation of the NITI Aayog has been a positive step to enhance cooperative federalism by fostering the involvement of the State Governments of India in the economic policy-making process using a bottom-up approach.
  • While a number of steps such as the launch of centrally sponsored schemes, incentives to private players for development in backward states have been taken by the government for inclusive development, there is a greater need for their effective implementation.
  • There is a need to increase the level of social expenditure by the states on education, health, and sanitation which are the core for human resource development.
  • Introducing a system of national education that would help people to overcome regional feelings and develop an attachment towards the nation can act as a long-term solution to the problem of sub-nationalism.
  • While the National Integration Council was set up in 1961, there is a need to utilise its potential more effectively.
  • Schemes like “Ek Bharat-Shreshtha Bharat” have been launched by the GOI to celebrate unity in diversity culture of the nation and to strengthen sentiment for National Unity between the citizens of states, is a welcomed step.
  • National unity is not impaired if the people of a region have genuine pride in their language and culture.

Mahatma Gandhi broadly said. “I am a proud Gujarati and a proud Indian and I don’t see any difference between the two.” If regionalism advances craftsmanship and social ethos without leaving hand, it will bind together the country and be a fortifying variable.

India’s solidarity lies in its variety, which ought to be safeguarded and advanced no matter what, for really at that time can comprehensive improvement happen and India can develop all in all. The limits of the express that gap individuals phonetically or authoritatively are joined by one country, one constitution, and one soul and this are India that is joined by its kin, all things considered, all religions, and all districts.

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